[this text was sent as a contribution to the conference]
My standpoint here is to connect the geopolitical
and the social/class views – just opposite to Alexander Dugin’s
opinionsii
– and to condition the constitution of a sustainable Eurasia by
rejecting the capitalist relations and by fulfilling an alternative
model of society.
Therefore, the problem is no longer that of the
obvious legality of the referendum in Crimea or that of the obvious
legality of the behavior of Russia towards Ukraine and Crimea. This
legality was demonstrated point by pointiii.
But the problem is, forwards, that of the moral
and geopolitical
legitimacy of the procedures used by Russia and the Crimean
authorities.
But would the competing world powers, as Russia,
China etc., not be based too on the capitalist exploitation of their
populations? And would the states,
as official representatives of different collective powers of
monopolies and oligarchsviii,
not be rather formal entities covering the real economic power of the
above-mentioned monopolies and oligarchs, in a more technical term,
of the capital/capitalist relations? They certainly are and if so,
even the geopolitical aim of multi-polar world has a single
opportunity to realize: if the world powers pressing for a quiet
status quo
of balance between them want to attain their goal they
need to relate the internal social
character of their states with
the fight for a relatively generalized social
state worldwide.
Only in this case, the internal model they show to the world would be
at the same time convincing enough in order to both being attractive
to people and legitimizing the possible geopolitical steps toward a
more or less regional or world grandeur, and powerful enough in such
a way as to allow the development of armament and military without
both reducing the general welfare benefits and increasing the
corruption. (So, I’m not out of the logic of the present-day
realism).
If the world power would concentrate only in the hands of USA (and
“its allies”), no social state will develop anywhere, as the last
25 years neo-liberal “triumph” has demonstrated. On the contrary:
and thus the declining level of welfare, the declining general level
of culture, and the declining social capital could be “countered”
only with high manipulative practices which have only strengthened
the deep alienation and lack of confidence in the rulers.
At the same time, if the world power would
concentrate only in the hands of USA (and “its allies”), no
democracy – even the capitalist democracy limited to procedures
supporting the indirect “power of the people” – will develop
anywhereix,
and a global masked totalitarianism
will establish. As a result, not many people will intend to die for
such states: is it surprising that the USA uses more and more drones
and even cyber-soldiers?
In the present world atmosphere impregnated with the deconstruction
of the former national and patriotic myths, people should be
convinced in order to support their own states’ warns or wars
against other states. The propaganda war is thus somehow stronger
than the real ones. But no propaganda is today strong enough so as to
counter the moral and logic, as well as the flow of information.
Conditions of patriotic cohesion
Would be, in these conditions, superfluous to
speak about the national/patriotic spirit of peoples? It is not,
obviously: but this spirit is constructive
only to the extent that it is not
founded only on historical/cultural myths, but also on social
factors of cohesion. Such factors
are the possibility/greater possibility of social benefits and
democracy, and they played a huge role in the Crimean referendum and
the revival of Russian patriotism everywhere. (From this standpoint,
the Ukrainian rise of nationalism as a simple xenophobia did not base
on the promise of social rewards and democracy but, on the contrary,
on the destruction of the scrap of social state and democracy).
From the standpoint of moral and logical reasons
of the national spirit, the Russian policy was far better than the
Ukrainian nationalism that wanted to mix the independence melody, the
anti-Russianism and the entering in the reach of USA-EU: as if there
would not exist any common cultural and historical Russian-Ukrainian
feature, and as if the Ukrainian patriotism would base only on
xenophobia, and as if the entering of Ukraine in the reach of USA-EU
would solve the economic, social and democratic problems of the
Ukrainian people. While the first act of the Ukrainian
self-proclaimed government issued from the coup was the xenophobic
law forbidding the official use of non-Ukrainian languages (Russian,
Tatar, Romanian, etc.), the Crimean self-proclaimed government in
legal procedures related to the autonomous status of this region has
stated the official use of non-Russian languages in Crimeax.
While the entering of Ukraine in the CIS (Commonwealth of Independent
States) would have assured to this country a significant reduction of
the price of gas, under the market price, and a huge hospitable
market for the products of the Ukrainian industry and agriculture,
the intended entering in the reach of USA-EU annuls the favorable
price of gas and, somehow more important, annuls any possibility of
the development of the Ukrainian industry and agriculture: the
country will be only a market for the Western goods and only a
provider of raw materials, shale gas energy and some agricultural
products. The financial aspect too highlights the anti-national
character of the Ukrainian coup policy: the new Ukrainian government
has renounced to the Russian loan in the exchange of the Western one
which is postponedxi
and which in any case is depending on an agreement with the IMF,
requiring new privatizations, selling of the Ukrainian assets to the
international capital and hard austerity measures for the
populationxii.
It has to be clear: it’s capitalism and in this
process of capitalist “restoration”, the
parasitic bureaucracy and “new rich” have sacked all they could.
In Russia is capitalism too, but Russia did not put to Ukraine so
difficult conditions as the West doesxiii.
Russia’s management of the Ukrainian crisis and
the Crimean referendum where not a single bullet was fired was,
obviously, a brilliant proof of clever political strategyxiv.
But not the partisanship for this strategy is the aim of this paper.
Nor that of the geopolitical future
development isolated from the social concern.
On the contrary, neither this geopolitical future is guaranteed
without a consistent humanist strategy, nor the “secession remedy”
considered by the Western politicians as a domination tactic in the
absence of social policies – and possible in Ukraine – would be a
long term solution: for Russia and for the Russian and Ukrainian
peoples. Because: the present Ukrainian fate, co-fabricated by the
Western capital and the Ukrainian union of capital and backward
bureaucracy, is only a mirrorxv
of the intended future for Russiaxvi.
The huge richness of Russia is thought by the
Western capital to guarantee once more 20 years of “victory” of
the West as a real “end of history”, and certainly more than 20
years. Russia and the entire former
space of Soviet republicsxvii
would be destroyed systematically, its
multicultural people imbued with humanist universalism
put on the verge of a radical despair, its natural resources –
wrecked, its land and water – empoisoned forever. This is not a
horror picture: if the American capital behaves with its own people
in the manner it is putting capital first, and not peoplexviii,
why would we hope to a better destiny of a surrendered Russia?
And concerning the 20 years and more: the
capitalist logic of economy will not change, and not only the private
competition as well as the contradiction between the huge supply and
the shrinking purchase power will deepen worldwide, but also the
antagonism between the fundamental capitalist economic aim to
maximize the profit and, on the other hand, the tendency of the rate
of profit to fall. Concretely and in a world of a persistent
scientific-technological revolution which leads to the decrease of
prices per units of products, capitalism will aim, as usually, to
“compensate” this consequence by a rental
economy based on the exploitation of
natural resources: but with its entire force to monopolize the rental
economy, it will not escape from the structural
crisis of this modelxix.
Indeed, instead of realizing and developing the creativity of all the
humans, capitalism will irremediably suffocate this creativity: just
in order to “demonstrate” the legitimacy of the Malthusian
solution, the “inherent and inevitable” exit of millions and
millions of people worldwide.
How to respond to this prefigured fate? If Russia
has behaved after 1991 with its sister countries from the former USSR
as if this single country still would
have existed, how could it consider the
ethnic cleansing imposed by the West in Yugoslavia as becoming the
new rule came from Ukraine? If secession and the single country of
fraternal parts are absolutely diverging, should we not see concrete
separations as a means for the preservation of the idea of fraternal
unity?
The left as popular spirit:
the first step,
to not worsen
Russia needed to counter the “containment”xx,
the encirclement of its territory by the Western military forcexxi
which dared to cross the last limit by organizing the coup
d’état in Ukraine. Otherwise, the
new West backed government would have rapidly removed the Russian
fleet from Crimeaxxii.
And this fleet is necessary in order to counter the West’s behavior
in Syria etc.
But, as we know, the West has not done the lessons
carefully. It thought that it is too powerful so as Russia to not
respect the Yalta agreement of spheres of influences. But Russia is
not an abstract entity, and the
ordinary people – Russians, Ukrainians and Tatars as well – did
understand not a geopolitical abstract pride, but first of all the
condition of their more or less normal life:
that to not worsen
it irremediably by accepting both a
fascistic type of government, i.e. an open antidemocratic leadership,
and the defeat of Russia by a power which did not showed itself as
being full of mercy. And just the idea of to not worsen the
existential situations should lead people to
understand more than isolated factual inferences:
the geopolitical significance of a
defeat of Russia, i.e. the worsening
consequences of this defeat on the life of the many.
The strategy of Russia was brilliant, but rather
the people were those who decided
ultimately. And they will decide from
now on.
But how will they? Will they decide in the same
resolute way? And will this way be in accordance with the will of the
present powerful and rich stratum– the “nouveaux riches”, as
they were called in Russia after 1991 – from Russia, Ukraine and
all the former Soviet republics? Is it not clear that, after 23 years
– and more, of course – the ordinary people have roused and they
understand what does it mean capitalism, social polarization and
destruction of the human dignity of all by a rapacious appropriation
of the common goods, assets and work of all? Do they not see clearly
that capitalism is not a solution to the former bureaucracy led first
attempt to surpass capitalism? Not all of them see clearly,
obviously: because of the conjoint manipulative strategy of
capitalism and bureaucracy. Still there is a huge ideological
confusion within the social conscience of people. However, every
social experience of a caliber as the euro-Maidan and the coup led by
a Ukrainian extreme-right fed by the West pushes people to concern
of, to inquiry and to be consistently
logical.
This is not an idealistic optimism: people had to
choose in Crimea between, simply put, fascism,
and non-fascism.
The term is not a simple propagandistic tool “of the Russians”:
every one knew very well what would be the consequences
of an open extreme-right government as a simple ram of the Western
will to definitively subjugate Eurasia, the consequences endured by
every one and by the whole country, the whole Eurasian continent and
the world.
The left as popular spirit:
the second step, to improve
Concretely, people expect now both the
respect of cultural identity – not as
a parochial fragmentation and drowning within particularistic
illusions, but as a universal promotion
of the human dignity for all – and
the change of the social pattern of
development. This means to restructure
the social relations in such a way that
every one could work and create and thus have self-esteem, that every
one could express his/her reasonable standpoint concerning the social
problems, that every one could reach a high quality, ecological,
sustainable and reasonable consume. Technically speaking, all of
these are both possible and necessary
solutions of an alternative economy and society. More: all of these
are possible and necessary on world scale. If, as it is known, 25% of
the world population consume 80% of the world resources, the West
should change its consume manner just in order to allow the rise of
consume in the peripheral countries: this would request a
“civilization change”, first of all of the economic institutions,
since the probable use of military power in order to rule over the
resources does not end wellxxiii.
As we know, the capitalist economy needs an always
new “vital space” in order to ensure profits. This “vital
space” consists in the permanent “creative destructions”:
peaceful destructions – as the crises and the technological change
– and warlike destructions, as the wars and the Centre-Periphery
relations worldwide. The “Rest”xxiv,
the underdeveloped and developing countries represent the reservoir
of the world-dominance by the West, and if it is not doubtful that
Ukraine, and Russia, are seen as the “Rest”, the only solution is
to annul the social relations which
generate and impose this type of oppositions.
And this solution is, nowadays, absolutely realistic. To continue to
track the present capitalist growth – and to compete for 1, or 2,
or 3%, comparing with other countries where the growth is less, or
even for 7% and more –, namely to continue the present pursuit of
profit, of markets and state contracts irrespective of the ecological
and human damages, is, on the contrary, self-suicidal. The only
growth that makes people be proud of it is that which results in an
increase of the quality of life
of the many: therefore, more than the individualistic fever to buy
more and more, irrespective of the social costs of this attitude.
So, people are fervidly preoccupied with all of these. They can
postpone some quantitative expectations but, since they have
discovered dignity, democracy – beyond electoral campaigns, fights
for power and formal procedures (distorted even by their gainers) –,
culture, solidarity, the hardihood to oppose rational arguments to
egoistic and elitist manipulations, they may dare to impose their
agenda.
The left as popular spirit:
the third step, to collectively impose a
consistent humanist politics
How can they do this? The first metaphor that
comes to mind is “Bosnia”, that is, the plenums,
the spontaneous “power of the people” issued from February 2014
protests. In fact, things are not so simple. The demands adopted by
the plenums are related to the shameless behavior of the public
officials who have by far maximized the privileges of the former
“nomenklatura” and to the savage neo-liberal policies imposed by
the West: when in many European countries the progressive tax rates
where not dislocated, in the Eastern countries they were described by
the neo-liberal rush to profit as opposing to the competitiveness,
and so the plenums ask the abrogation of the neo-liberal tax ratesxxv.
But these demands are met in many Western countries. And indeed,
would a weak enough economy be competitive without offering a
“friendly economic environment” for the international capital? Of
course, it would not.
Therefore, in order to impose their agenda, the
wage earners, unemployed, pensioners and youth should surpass a
counterproductive and induced shyness: they
have to oppose the capitalist social order,
and not only the privileges of the bureaucratic stratum and the
mismanaged privatizations. In this respect, the criticism of the, for
the moment, reformist character of plenums and of their function to
tune the discussions to a pre-determined agenda “limited to
‘practical’ demands directed at local authorities” is correctxxvi
and, since we want to surpass the ethnic divisions and lies and to
really mobilize the revolutionary potentialxxvii,
rather the model of direct democracy is not yet that of Bosnian
plenums (which want not to transform into soviets), but parties
which oppose capitalismxxviii.
Without this clear opposition – this meaning clear proposition
of a socialist democratic society – neither the unification of the
left nor the surpassing of ethnic divisions will occurxxix.
Indeed, on what basis could the left unite? Only on the basis of a
radical distinction from the capitalist
parties and policies is the left both
logical and supported by broad masses. There is no time to
postponement, since the neo-Nazi Ukrainian right has already become
political partyxxx.
Russia’s spirit of dialogue and compromise with
the West showed from 14 years has nothing to do with its internal
policies: this spirit could continue very well just as far as Russia
becomes more powerful just through its social policies. This
situation is possible from a technical
standpoint which includes scientific,
management, natural and human resources features. But besides the
technical possibility it is the social
and political one. Would the patriot
officers, the office workers and the peasants, the workers and the
researchers, the whole population of the former land of the Soviets
want more
than the persistence of the capitalist logic? Would they accept the
persistence of the world imperialism provided that it will not cross
their space? Or, in other words, how want they peace without the
construction of social values? A peace still based on the “balance
of forces” has an ugly face in the world dominated by imperialism.
But indeed, Russia alone – i.e. with China and the BRICS – and as
it happened before, can strive for a humanistic transformation of the
world. It is up to their peoples to do this.
Now the peoples were confronted with the betrayal
of some parties and leadersxxxi,
but also with the clarification and radicalization of many
organizations and parties. It is now clear – if some one has
forgotten what happened in the 1933 Germany – that the rise of the
extreme rightxxxii
was possible only because the left parties were not resolute to
express their radical solutions.
Radicalism was confiscated by the extreme right, and people’s needs
of decent and dignified life have been diverted in a blind alley.
The hopes that the compromise of Russia with the
West would preserve peace are vain and emptyxxxiii,
since Russia is, though an empire, not imperialisticxxxiv:
because the antagonism is not only between excessive neocon
standpoints and Russiaxxxv,
but between aggressiveness / imperialism issued from the capitalist
logicxxxvi,
and a defensivexxxvii
empire based on a mix of values. Empty and vain are also the hopes
that Russia and the former countries of the USSR will continue the
social polarization and confusion and, at the same time, might be
based on the patriotic spirit of the people indefinitely. Facts have
helped Russia: if it is strange that the Ukrainian coup has
substituted some oligarchs with other oligarchsxxxviii,
why would the private concentration of ownership and power be safer
for the peaceful development of Eurasian countries?
If the oligarchs have not only supported the
euro-Maidan, but are seeing the extreme right government as the
warrantee of their power (‘it is accepted that there will be a new
Ukraine’xxxix),
the only issue is Russia to support a “pro-Russian” social and
class movement, not only in the south-eastern part of Ukraine: so as
to weaken the capture Ukraine gained by the West and to give a hope
to most of population in the whole
Russia and the former countries of USSR.
This hope is in no way capitalism:
just its crisis, which includes the crisis of the leftwing
organizations as well, has determined the rise of the extreme right.
Therefore, we can no longer struggle against the extreme right
without fighting for the alternative to capitalism. Could be the
oligarchs as a class patriots enough to support the people, and not
their business?
The cancellation of privileges of the bureaucratic
stratum is necessaryxl,
as well as the public control of the whole administration – as the
Bosnian plenums and the Russian government have understood and wish,
and as it is already done in Sweden and Norway, for example – but
this is only a half-step: without the attack on the private
concentration of the economic power, even this gain would vanish.
This doesn’t mean to annul the benefits of
trade, of commercial initiative and search for quality and
innovation. On the contrary: but they ought to subordinate to social
values, and not to the private rush to profit.
If the dissolution of the former USSR was determined by many factors
– such as the internal bureaucracy emphasized by Trotsky – and
the consequences of this dissolution were more malign than an
eventual continuation, the reconstruction of a new Eurasian power can
no longer be based on the previous causes of destruction.
It would be an incommensurable world tragedy if
the Russian leadership would reduce the popular factor of cohesion to
religion, conservative values and Russian nationalismxli.
Nowadays, the danger of neo-fascism, resulted from
the treacherous behavior of the capitalist democracy playing “the
false choice between the right and the left” and the false-leftxlii,
is big. The “unity” of the left is no longer viable by taking
over the social-democratic “reformism” and the capitalist
postponement of the human expectations of all. The existing socialist
organizations or the constitution of a new organized
left must supply not only criticism,
but also resolute boldness to promote the alternative to capitalism.
Milestones of the present history are no longer huge manifestations
taking the streets: we remember those of 2003 against the aggression
of Iraq, without any result since they were only protests, requests
and accommodation with capitalism. The Ukrainian coup is, however,
such a milestone: because its life and death consequences press us to
think the future strategies in term of life and death responsibility.
Some colleagues from Criticatac thought that if
they criticize in clever manner capitalism and if they show their
democratic spirit by rejecting “Putin’s aggression in Crimea”xliii,
they would attract people to think in a leftwing manner. They showed
very well that the West has no arguments against Russia. But this is
not enough: they should side with “Russia” and understand what it
would mean the continuation of the power of the West for the
humanistic and democratic values they share.
i
Professor, Polytechnic University of Bucharest.
I
prepared this paper to the 2nd International Conference,
"Europe in crisis", Athens 28-30 March, 2014.
ii
I made a little critique of
Alexander Dugin’s opinions in a Note
(http://www.argumentesifapte.ro/2014/01/27/nota-privind-articolul-despre-romania-ca-pamant-parjolit-de-raoul-weiss/)
published together with my
translation into Romanian
(http://www.argumentesifapte.ro/2014/01/27/motivatii-geopolitice-ale-politicii-occidentale-de-pamant-parjolit-in-romania-de-astazi-3/)
of
Raoul Weiss’ Motivations
géopolitiques de
la politique occidentale de terre brûlée en Roumanie actuelle,
Janvier
2014,
http://www.lapenseelibre.org/article-motivations-geopolitiques-de-la-politique-occidentale-de-terre-brulee-en-roumanie-actuelle-n-89-122120700.html.
I showed that by stating
geopolitics and the game of relationships between states as the
central elements explaining man and society – thus a simple
Kriegspiel
motivated by axiomatic assumptions, and not by lemmas – both
geopolitics and Dugin have an abstract image about the states: as if
these ones would represent only one will and set of interests, and
as if there would not be individuals,
nor social
factors, but as if all of these would be subordinated to the
geopolitical super-interest. For example, the class interests, or
the ecological ones, or the social divide are considered by
geopolitics and Dugin only at the extent they fit to the
geopolitical aims: otherwise, they are disturbing and annoying.
Concretely, Dugin 1) reduces the
(present) international conflicts – by neglecting any economic and
social antagonisms – to the opposition between the American
imperialism and the promoters of multi-polar world. But he does not
explain why this multi-polar world should be more benign that the
concentration of world power: just because he substitutes the real
social problems of people with an abstract Dasein
borrowed from Heidegger (see
http://www.counter-currents.com/tag/alexander-dugin/).
And 2) he legitimates the international relations (fragmentations
and unifications) only with religion/religious tradition. For Dugin,
capitalism is OK, only the deviation from the religious roots and
the subordination to imperialism would be the evil.
This is not an original
standpoint, of course, and it belongs to the right-wing
traditionalist ideology
springing from the 1989-1991 shock.
In
http://www.counter-currents.com/2012/07/interview-with-alexander-dugin/,
Dugin speaks about a „struggle against the Western universalism,
against all universalisms”. But Dugin doesn’t explain which
aspects of universalism he’s opposing to, why and which would be
the consequences of the substitution of universalism by
particularistic standpoints. Following the right-wing ideologies,
Dugin reduces the social to an abstract image of culture and thus,
the return to traditions (for Russians, these consisting in
orthodoxy) would solve everything.
Therefore, if not all the
aspects of (Western) universalism are negative – is it not the
origin of logos
and logic? – to cover these valuable features of the Western
universalism with the correct thesis of multi-polar world means only
to produce confusions.
Hereupon, in the present paper I
use the terms “multi-polar world” and “Eurasia” only in
their “natural” sense, so not
in the meanings of Dugin and al.
iii
Robert Charvin, La
question ukrainienne : une étape dans le processus de
déconstruction du droit international
par
les puissances occidentales,
Mars 2014,
http://www.lapenseelibre.org/article-la-question-ukrainienne-une-etape-dans-le-processus-de-deconstruction-du-droit-international-par-l-123022300.html.
iv
The figures speak by themselves: from the 83.1% present in
the March 16th referendum,
96.7
% were in favor of joining the Russian Federation, and 2.51% percent
against. But the ethnic Russians are, according to the official
data, only
58.32% of the
population of Crimea, while non-Russians are 41.7%.
See Prof.
Michel Chossudovsky,
What the Western
Media Won’t Tell You: Crimean Tatars and Ukrainians Also Voted to
Join Russia, March
18, 2014,
http://www.globalresearch.ca/what-the-western-media-wont-tell-you-crimean-tatars-and-ukrainians-also-voted-to-join-russia/5373989;
also Ron Paul, Crimea secedes. So
what?, March 17, 2014,
http://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2014/03/17/crimea-ukraine-russia-ron-paul-editorials-debates/6544163/.
v
Jean-Paul Pougala, Comment
gagner une guerre sans combattre selon Sun-Tzu. L’exemple de la
Russie en Crimée,
http://pougala.org/lecon-de-geostrategie-africaine-n-71-comment-gagner-une-guerre-sans-combattre-selon-sun-tzu-lexemple-de-la-russie-en-crimee-2/.
vi
As we know, the latest
mainstream philosophers neglect the social character, privileging
only the historical one (as Heidegger did).
vii
Nasa-funded study warns of ‘collapse of
civilisation’ in coming decades: ‘Business
as usual’ approach of economic elite will lead society to
disaster, scientists warn,
16 March 2014,
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/nasafunded-study-warns-of-collapse-of-civilisation-in-coming-decades-9195668.html.
viii
Although this term –
oligarch – was used in the recent years only according to the
Eastern part of Europe and to Russia, it’s hard to emphasise any
difference between the Western and Eastern “1%”.
ix
As it is the case in USA, see Prof. Peter Dale Scott, The
State, the Deep State, and the Wall Street Overworld,
March 10, 2014,
http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-state-the-deep-state-and-the-wall-street-overworld/5372843.
x
Crimean parliament
guarantees broader rights to Tatar minority,
March 11, 2014,
http://rt.com/news/crimea-tatar-rights-guarantee-122/;
See also Israel Shamir, Crimea:
Putin’s Triumph. Now the Confrontation Moves East to “New
Russia”: Novo Rossia: The
Eastern and Southeastern Mainland Provinces of Ukraine,
March 21, 2014,
http://www.globalresearch.ca/crimea-putins-triumph-now-the-confrontation-moves-east-to-new-russia/5374710.
xi
Renaud Vivien, Ukraine,
la nouvelle proie du FMI, 28 février
2014, http://cadtm.org/Ukraine-la-nouvelle-proie-du-FMI;
EU Offers Conditional "Aid" For
Ukraine's "Catastrophic, Pre-Default" Economic
State, http://www.zerohedge.com/news/2014-02-23/eu-offers-conditional-aid-ukraines-catastrophic-pre-default-economic-state;
Gaz: l'aide de l'UE va tarder; l'Ukraine se
prépare à des temps difficiles, 19 mars
2014,
http://www.lapresse.ca/international/dossiers/ukraine/201403/19/01-4749384-gaz-laide-de-lue-va-tarder-lukraine-se-prepare-a-des-temps-difficiles.php.
xiii
Ahmed Bensaada, Ukraine:
autopsie d’un coup d’état, 03
Mars 2014,
http://www.ahmedbensaada.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=257:ukraine-autopsie-dun-coup-detat&catid=48:orientoccident&Itemid=120.
xiv
See Xavier Guilhou, Crise
ukrainienne : quel pilotage des événements ?,
le 15 mars
2014, http://www.diploweb.com/Crise-ukrainienne-quel-pilotage.html.
xv
Mahdi
Darius Nazemroaya,
The Road to Moscow
Goes Through Kiev: A Coup d’Etat That Threatens Russia,
February 25, 2014,
http://www.globalresearch.ca/the-road-to-moscow-goes-through-kiev-how-the-protests-in-ukraine-transformed-into-a-coup-that-could-target-russia/5370479.
xvi
Sam La Touch, Derrière l’Ukraine, c’est
la Russie et Poutine qui sont attaqués dans une guerre de
confrontation menée par l’Occident, 14
mars 2014,
http://www.mondialisation.ca/derriere-lukraine-cest-la-russie-et-poutine-qui-sont-attaques-dans-une-guerre-de-confrontation-menee-par-loccident/5373523.
xvii
See US begins withdrawal of equipment from
its airbase in Kyrgyzstan, 6
March 2014,
http://voiceofrussia.com/news/2014_03_06/US-begins-withdrawal-of-equipment-from-its-airbase-in-Kyrgyzstan-5740/.
xviii
See only the consequences of hydraulic fracturing shale gas, assumed
without startle by the American elite.
But see also the obstinate
capitalist quest of private profit even entailing the destruction of
civilization: Nasa-funded study warns
of ‘collapse of civilisation’ in coming decades: ‘Business
as usual’ approach of economic elite will lead society to
disaster, scientists warn,
16 March 2014,
http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/nasafunded-study-warns-of-collapse-of-civilisation-in-coming-decades-9195668.html.
xix
See for the rentier returns
related to natural resources – and not to the financialization of
the world economy – Emiliano
Teran Mantovani,
La crisis del
capitalismo rentístico y el neoliberalismo mutante (1983-2013),
http://alainet.org/active/68388.
(Or Raúl
Zibechi, Latin
America Rejects the Extractive Model in the Streets,
27 October 2013,
http://www.cipamericas.org/archives/10983).
xx
See also Stephen Lendman, Containing Russia,
March 24, 2014,
http://www.globalresearch.ca/containing-russia/5374946.
xxi
In fact, the Cold War did not stop after the 1991 destruction of the
USSR. The “anti-missile shield” constructed by the USA in Poland
and Romania took place before the Ukrainian crisis. See
Manlio Dinucci, Le
« bouclier » pour la nouvelle guerre froide,
20 mars 2014,
http://www.mondialisation.ca/le-bouclier-pour-la-nouvelle-guerre-froide/5374508.
See also George
Washington, The
Backstory to the Russia-Ukraine Confrontation: The U.S. and NATO
Encirclement of Russia, 03/03/2014,
http://www.zerohedge.com/contributed/2014-03-03/backstory-russia-ukraine-confrontation-us-and-nato-encirclement-russia.
xxii
See Yulia Tymoshenko wants Russian Black Sea
Fleet out of Crimea, 05.03.2014,
xxiii
Kari Polanyi Levitt, The Transformation of
the World System: Some Insights from the Work of Karl Polanyi,
2004,
http://www.karipolanyilevitt.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/budapest-address-Kari-Polanyi.pdf.
xxiv
See Nial Fergusson,
Civilization: The
West and the Rest,
New York, Penguin Books, 2011.
xxvi
Ognjen Markovic and Paul Mitchell, The
pseudo-left and the plenums in Bosnia,
22 March 2014,
http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2014/03/22/bosn-m22.html.
xxvii
Slavoj Žižek, Anger
in Bosnia, but this time the people can read their leaders' ethnic
lies, 10 February
2014,
http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/feb/10/anger-bosnia-ethnic-lies-protesters-bosnian-serb-croat.
xxviii
See in the same space, Anej
Korsika,
Founding Congress
of the Initiative for Democratic Socialism,
19 March 2014,
http://transform-network.net/index.php?id=257&L=0&tx_newstransform_newstransform[controller]=Blog&tx_newstransform_newstransform[action]=detail&tx_newstransform_newstransform[newsItem]=4112&cHash=e4fc43c87b997bf35fcb09a9dca3c9ff.
xxix
As Volodymyr Ishchenko, If
the Left Movements Don’t Unite, Only the Far-Right Will Benefit
From the Social Anger,
04 Mar 14,
http://www.criticatac.ro/lefteast/volodymyr-ishchenko-for-transform/,
considers, thus without insisting that it is impossible to overcome
the ethnic divisions and to realize the unification of the left
without opposing to the capitalist agenda.
xxx
Russia Today, Ukraine’s Neo-Nazi Right
Sector to become Political Party, Nominates Yarosh for President,
March 23, 2014,
http://www.globalresearch.ca/ukraines-neo-nazi-right-sector-to-become-political-party-nominates-yarosh-for-president/5374873.
xxxi
See Partia Regionów oskarżyła Janukowycza
o zdradę Ukrainy,
http://polish.ruvr.ru/news/2014_02_23/Partia-Regionow-oskarzyla-Janukowycza-o-zdrade-Ukrainy-4246/.
But there were also
“pseudo-left political organizations and publications that have
promoted the Kiev protests as a genuinely democratic and even
revolutionary movement”, The crisis
in Ukraine, 3 March 2014,
http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2014/03/03/pers-m03.html.
xxxii
See Etat des lieux des neo nazis au pouvoir a
Kiev, 02 mars 2014,
http://blogs.mediapart.fr/blog/xavier-d/020314/etat-des-lieux-des-neo-nazis-au-pouvoir-kiev;
Who are the Nazis in the Ukrainian
government?, March 23,
2014
xxxiii
Dr. Paul Craig Roberts, Washington’s
Arrogance, Hubris, and Evil Have Set the Stage for War,
March 03, 2014,
http://www.globalresearch.ca/washingtons-arrogance-hubris-and-evil-have-set-the-stage-for-war/5371695:
“Only three countries stand in the way of Washington’s hegemony
over the world, Russia, China, and Iran”.
xxxiv
Thierry Meissan, Le basculement
de la Crimée est-il le premier d’une longue série ?,
http://www.voltairenet.org/article182898.html;
Pierre Khalaf, Un
monde multipolaire grâce à la résistance de la Syrie,
http://www.voltairenet.org/article182615.html.
xxxv
Robert Parry, What
Neocons Want from Ukraine Crisis,
March 2, 2014,
http://consortiumnews.com/2014/03/02/what-neocons-want-from-ukraine-crisis/.
xxxvi
See “Global Peace vs. Global
Interventionism and Imperialism”, Final Document. Belgrade
Conference, 23 March 2014, March 24, 2014,
http://www.globalresearch.ca/global-peace-vs-global-interventionism-and-imperialism/5375008.
xxxvii
Rogozine : la
Russie prête à employer l’arme nucléaire contre un agresseur,
12 décembre 2013,
http://french.ruvr.ru/2013_12_12/Dmitri-Rogozine-la-Russie-est-prete-a-employer-l-arme-nucleaire-contre-des-agresseurs-3365/.
xxxviii
Questions on Ukraine the
West chooses not to answer,
March 05, 2014,
http://rt.com/news/ukraine-west-questions-not-answered-994/.
xxxix
Peter Schwarz, German
foreign minister Steinmeier woos Ukrainian oligarchs,
25 March 2014,
http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2014/03/25/olig-a25.html.
xl
Ulyanovsk region
cuts benefits for officials,
07.03.2014,
http://english.pravda.ru/news/russia/07-03-2014/127062-ulyanovsk_officials_benefits-0/.
xli
Though it is not about an official attitude, the expression of anger
against those who do not understand the tragic consequences of the
defeat of Russia should not be acceptable if it is xenophobic and
subordinated to authoritarianism and mismanagement. See 'Dear
Vladimir Vladimirovich, I Speak Russian, Too. Please Send Troops!',
26 March 2014,
http://www.rferl.org/content/russia-journalist-writes-putin-for-help/25302977.html.
xlii
Alex Lantier, What
accounts for the electoral victories of France’s neo-fascist
National Front?,
25 March 2014,
http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2014/03/25/pers-m25.html.
xliii
I do not quote my colleagues, but a Ukrainian very good analysis
where, however, it appears that the Western imperialism and the
Russian attitude towards Ukraine would be that of a “coordinated
plundering of Ukraine by both sides (West and Russia)”. See Editor
of the Ukrainian leftwing site; “The enemy is within”,
25 March 2014,
http://www.marxist.com/interview-with-editor-of-liva.htm.
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